Arthritis is a leading cause of joint pain and disability worldwide, affecting people of all ages. While commonly associated with aging, arthritis includes over 100 different joint-related conditions— each with its own causes, symptoms, and treatment options. Whether you’re experiencing joint stiffness, swelling, or reduced mobility, understanding the type of arthritis you have is the first step toward effective relief and long-term management.
In this guide, we explore the most common types of arthritis — including osteoarthritis(Link to the OA section of ‘total knee replacement’ page), rheumatoid arthritis, gout, and more — along with their symptoms, diagnosis methods, and available treatments to help you live well with joint pain.
What is Arthritis?
Arthritis is a common condition that refers to joint pain or joint disease rather than a single disease. There are over 100 different types of arthritis and related conditions affecting people of all ages, genders, and ethnicities worldwide. In fact, arthritis is a leading cause of disability, with more than 50 million adults and 300,000 children diagnosed in the U.S. alone.
Common Symptoms of Arthritis
The hallmark symptoms of arthritis include:
- Joint swelling
- Pain
- Stiffness
- Reduced range of motion
Symptoms can vary widely, from mild to severe, and may fluctuate over time. Severe arthritis may cause chronic pain, disability, and visible joint deformities. Some types of arthritis also impact other organs, such as the heart, eyes, lungs, and skin.
Types of Arthritis
Degenerative Arthritis: Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis. It occurs when the cartilage—the protective cushion on the ends of bones—wears away, causing bones to rub together. This leads to pain, swelling, and stiffness, often worsening over time.
Risk factors include:
- Aging
- Excess weight
- Family history
- Previous joint injuries (e.g., ACL tears)
Management of mild to moderate OA includes:
- Balancing rest and activity
- Heat and cold therapy
- Regular exercise and physical therapy
- Weight management
- Muscle strengthening around joints
- Use of assistive devices and OTC pain relievers
In advanced cases, joint replacement surgery may be considered necessary.
Inflammatory Arthritis
Inflammatory arthritis is caused by an autoimmune response where the body’s immune system attacks its own joints, causing inflammation and potential joint erosion. Examples include:
- Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
- Psoriatic arthritis
Key points:
- Triggered by a mix of genetics and environmental factors (e.g., smoking)
- Early diagnosis and treatment with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) can prevent joint damage
- Treatment aims to reduce pain, improve function, and achieve remission
Infectious Arthritis
Infectious arthritis results from bacteria, viruses, or fungi infecting a joint. Common causes include:
- Salmonella, Shigella (foodborne infections)
- Chlamydia, Gonorrhea (sexually transmitted infections)
- Hepatitis C (bloodborne infection)
Timely antibiotic treatment often resolves the infection, though chronic arthritis may develop if untreated.
Metabolic Arthritis (Gout)
Gout occurs due to excess uric acid in the body, leading to crystal formation in joints. This causes sudden, intense pain called gout attacks.
Key facts:
- Uric acid builds up due to overproduction or poor elimination
- Symptoms come and go but can become chronic
- Managing uric acid levels through medication and diet is essential
Diagnosing Arthritis
Diagnosis starts with a physical exam and medical history, supported by blood tests and imaging like X-rays or MRIs. Rheumatologists specialize in diagnosing and managing inflammatory and complex arthritis, while orthopaedic surgeons handle surgical treatments including joint replacements.
Managing Arthritis: Treatment & Lifestyle
Effective arthritis management focuses on:
- Maintaining physical activity adapted to individual needs
- Weight management to reduce joint stress
- Medications to control pain and inflammation
- Physical and occupational therapy to improve function
Final Thoughts
Arthritis encompasses a wide range of joint conditions that affect millions worldwide. Understanding the different types, symptoms, and management options empowers individuals to take control of their health. Early diagnosis and proper treatment can significantly improve quality of life, reduce pain, and prevent further joint damage. Maintaining an active lifestyle, a healthy weight, and working closely with healthcare professionals are key steps in managing arthritis effectively.
